Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'expenditure'

English Word: expenditure

Key Russian Translations:

• расход [rɐˈʂot] - [Formal, Singular or Plural]
• затраты [zɐˈtratɨ] - [Formal, Plural, Used in financial or business contexts]

Frequency: Medium (Common in economic, business, and everyday financial discussions, but not as frequent in casual conversation).

Difficulty: B1-B2 (Intermediate; requires understanding of Russian noun declensions and financial vocabulary; "расход" is slightly easier for beginners, while "затраты" may be more challenging due to its plural form and specific contexts).

Pronunciation (Russian):

расход: [rɐˈʂot] (The stress is on the second syllable; the 'ш' sound is a soft, retroflex fricative, which can be tricky for English speakers.)

затраты: [zɐˈtratɨ] (Stress on the second syllable; note the soft 'т' in some dialects, and the final 'ы' is a reduced vowel.)

Note on расход: Be cautious with the 'ш' sound; it's similar to the 'sh' in "sheep" but more emphatic. In fast speech, it might soften.

Note on затраты: This word often has a palatalized 'т' in informal speech, making it sound like [zɐˈtrətʲɨ].

Audio: []

Meanings and Usage:

1. The act or process of spending money or resources.

Translation(s) & Context:

• расход - Used in general contexts for everyday or household spending, such as tracking personal expenses.
• затраты - Applied in formal or business settings, like accounting for costs in a company budget.

Usage Examples:

• Его ежемесячный расход на продукты питания растёт. (His monthly expenditure on groceries is increasing.)

  Translation: His monthly expenditure on groceries is increasing. (This example shows "расход" in a singular, everyday context.)

• Компания сокращает затраты на производство. (The company is reducing expenditures on production.)

  Translation: The company is reducing expenditures on production. (Here, "затраты" is used in a plural, business-oriented sentence.)

• Бюджетные расходы должны быть тщательно спланированы. (Budget expenditures must be carefully planned.)

  Translation: Budget expenditures must be carefully planned. (Demonstrates "расходы" as a plural form in governmental contexts.)

• Из-за инфляции увеличился общий расход семьи. (Due to inflation, the family's overall expenditure has increased.)

  Translation: Due to inflation, the family's overall expenditure has increased. (Illustrates "расход" with a possessive structure.)

• Эти затраты на маркетинг оправданы высоким спросом. (These expenditures on marketing are justified by high demand.)

  Translation: These expenditures on marketing are justified by high demand. (Shows "затраты" in a cost-benefit analysis.)

2. The amount of money spent.

Translation(s) & Context:

• расход - Often used quantitatively, e.g., in reports or personal finance.
• затраты - Emphasizes cumulative or total costs, especially in professional environments.

Usage Examples:

• Общий расход на поездку составил 5000 рублей. (The total expenditure for the trip amounted to 5000 rubles.)

  Translation: The total expenditure for the trip amounted to 5000 rubles. (Quantifies "расход" in a travel context.)

• Затраты проекта превысили запланированный бюджет. (The project's expenditures exceeded the planned budget.)

  Translation: The project's expenditures exceeded the planned budget. (Uses "затраты" in a project management scenario.)

• Её расход на развлечения слишком высок. (Her expenditure on entertainment is too high.)

  Translation: Her expenditure on entertainment is too high. (Shows "расход" with an adjective for emphasis.)

Russian Forms/Inflections:

Both "расход" and "затраты" are nouns. Russian nouns inflect based on case, number, and gender. "Расход" is masculine and can be singular or plural, while "затраты" is typically plural and feminine.

Note: "Затраты" is irregular in that it's almost always used in plural form and follows feminine plural patterns. It does not have a common singular form in modern usage.

Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:

• Synonyms:
  • тратa (Similar to "расход", but more informal and focused on spending money quickly; often used in casual contexts.)
  • издержки (More formal, emphasizing costs in business or production.)
• Antonyms:
  • доход (Income; directly opposite in financial contexts.)
  • прибыль (Profit; used when contrasting expenditures with gains.)

Related Phrases:

• бюджетные расходы - Budget expenditures; refers to planned spending in financial planning.
• текущие затраты - Current expenditures; used for ongoing operational costs in business.
• непроизводственные расходы - Non-productive expenditures; implies wasteful spending in economic discussions.

Usage Notes:

Choose "расход" for general, everyday contexts like personal finance, as it directly mirrors the English "expenditure" in a straightforward way. "Затраты" is preferred in formal or professional settings, such as accounting or economics, where it conveys a sense of calculated costs. Be mindful of Russian's case system; for example, use the genitive case (e.g., расхода) when indicating possession or quantity. In spoken Russian, these words are neutral in register but can sound more formal in written texts.

• Grammar tip: Always check the number—use plural forms like "расходы" for multiple items.
• Context guidance: In Russian culture, discussing expenditures often ties to economic stability, so pair with verbs like "сокращать" (to reduce) in conversations about budgeting.

Common Errors:

• Mistake: Using "расход" interchangeably with "затраты" without considering context. For example, an English learner might say "затраты" for personal spending, which sounds overly formal.
  Correct: Use "расход" for informal scenarios. Example: Incorrect - "Мои затраты на кофе" (My expenditures on coffee); Correct - "Мои расходы на кофе". Explanation: "Затраты" implies business-level costs, while "расходы" fits daily life.
• Mistake: Forgetting declension, e.g., saying "в расход" instead of "в расходе" in prepositional case.
  Correct: "Я учту это в расходе" (I'll account for this in the expenditure). Explanation: Russian requires case agreement, which English speakers often overlook.

Cultural Notes:

In Russian culture, discussions of "затраты" or "расходы" often reflect broader economic realities, such as historical influences from Soviet-era central planning. For instance, during times of inflation, these terms are commonly used in media to critique government spending, highlighting a cultural emphasis on fiscal responsibility and anti-wastefulness.

Related Concepts:

• бюджет (Budget)
• финансы (Finances)
• инфляция (Inflation)