Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'exemption'

English Word: exemption

Key Russian Translations:

• освобождение [ɐsvəbɐˈʐdʲenʲɪje] - [Formal; Used in legal or administrative contexts]
• исключение [ɪsklʲʊˈʧenʲɪje] - [Formal; Often implies an exception or special case]

Frequency: Medium (Common in formal, legal, or bureaucratic discussions but not everyday conversation)

Difficulty: B2 (Intermediate; Requires understanding of noun declensions and formal language structures)

Pronunciation (Russian):

освобождение: [ɐsvəbɐˈʐdʲenʲɪje]

Note on освобождение: The stress falls on the fourth syllable ("ʐdʲenʲ"), which can be tricky for English speakers due to the soft consonants. Pronounce it with a clear "zh" sound as in "measure".

исключение: [ɪsklʲʊˈʧenʲɪje]

Note on исключение: The initial "i" is a short vowel, and the "ch" is like the "ch" in "loch". Stress is on the third syllable.

Audio: []

Meanings and Usage:

Meaning 1: The act of exempting someone or something from a duty, obligation, or rule (e.g., tax exemption).

Translation(s) & Context:

• освобождение - Used in formal contexts like laws or policies, emphasizing release from obligation.
• исключение - Applied when something is specifically excluded, such as in regulations or exceptions to rules.

Usage Examples:

• В налоговом кодексе предусмотрено освобождение для малоимущих семей.

  In the tax code, there is an exemption for low-income families.

• Это исключение позволяет компании избежать штрафов за задержку.

  This exemption allows the company to avoid penalties for delays.

• Правительство ввело освобождение от уплаты пошлин для экспорта товаров.

  The government introduced an exemption from duty payments for exported goods.

• В контракте указано исключение для чрезвычайных обстоятельств.

  The contract specifies an exemption for extraordinary circumstances.

• Освобождение от военной службы дается по медицинским показаниям.

  Exemption from military service is granted based on medical grounds.

Meaning 2: A state of being exempt or free from something (e.g., immunity or privilege).

Translation(s) & Context:

• освобождение - In broader contexts like personal rights or privileges.
• исключение - Less common here, but used for specific cases of exclusion from norms.

Usage Examples:

• Освобождение от ответственности в контракте должно быть четко прописано.

  The exemption from liability in the contract must be clearly stated.

• Это освобождение дает студенту возможность пропустить экзамен по уважительной причине.

  This exemption gives the student the opportunity to skip the exam for a valid reason.

• Исключение из правил применяется в редких ситуациях.

  An exemption from the rules is applied in rare situations.

Russian Forms/Inflections:

Both "освобождение" and "исключение" are neuter nouns in Russian, which means they follow standard neuter declension patterns. They are third-declension nouns and exhibit regular inflections based on case, number, and gender agreements.

Note: These nouns do not have irregular forms, but pay attention to the soft endings in genitive and other cases, which are common in Russian.

Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:

• Synonyms:
  • освобождение: льгота (privilege), поблажка (indulgence; implies a concession)
  • исключение: вычет (deduction; in financial contexts), освобождение (overlaps with main term)
• Antonyms:
  • освобождение: обязательство (obligation)
  • исключение: правило (rule; as in, the opposite of an exception)

Related Phrases:

• налоговое освобождение - Tax exemption; Used in financial and legal discussions to refer to relief from taxes.
• исключение из общего правила - Exception to the general rule; Common in policy-making or regulations.
• получить освобождение - To obtain exemption; Often in contexts of applying for privileges.

Usage Notes:

"Освобождение" is the most direct translation for "exemption" in contexts involving release from duties, such as taxes or services, and is preferred in formal writing. "Исключение" is better for scenarios implying an outlier or special case. English speakers should note that Russian requires case agreement, so "exemption" might change form based on its role in the sentence (e.g., genitive for possession). Use "освобождение" in bureaucratic language and be cautious with synonyms like "льгота," which can imply a benefit rather than a mere exemption.

Common Errors:

• Error: Using "освобождение" interchangeably with "исключение" without context. For example, saying "Это освобождение из правил" instead of "Это исключение из правил."

  Correct: "исключение из правил" means "exception to the rules." Explanation: "Освобождение" implies full release, while "исключение" denotes a specific carve-out, leading to confusion in legal texts.

• Error: Forgetting declension, e.g., using nominative "освобождение" in a genitive context like "без освобождение" instead of "без освобождения."

  Correct: "без освобождения." Explanation: Russian nouns must agree in case; this mistake can make sentences grammatically incorrect and unclear.

Cultural Notes:

In Russian culture and bureaucracy, concepts like "освобождение" often tie into historical contexts, such as exemptions in Soviet-era policies or modern Russian tax laws, reflecting a legacy of state-controlled privileges. This can imply a sense of favoritism or inequality, so using it in conversation might evoke discussions on social equity.

Related Concepts:

• льгота
• поблажка
• обязанность