Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'excrete'

English Word: excrete

Key Russian Translations:

• выделять (/vɨˈdʲelətʲ/) - [Formal, Used in scientific or biological contexts]
• испражняться (/ɪsʲprɐˈʐnətʲsə/) - [Informal, Plural forms applicable in everyday or medical discussions]

Frequency: Low (This word and its translations are not commonly used in everyday conversation but appear in medical, biological, or scientific texts.)

Difficulty: B2-Intermediate (Requires understanding of Russian verb conjugations and vocabulary related to biology; varies by translation, with 'выделять' being slightly more advanced due to its formal usage.)

Pronunciation (Russian):

выделять: /vɨˈdʲelətʲ/ (Stress on the third syllable; note the palatalized 'dʲ' sound, which can be challenging for English speakers.)

испражняться: /ɪsʲprɐˈʐnətʲsə/ (Stress on the third syllable; pay attention to the rolled 'r' and the reflexive suffix '-ся', which softens the pronunciation.)

Note on выделять: This verb often has a soft 'л' sound in casual speech, and regional variations may alter vowel length.

Note on испражняться: The reflexive form '-ся' indicates an involuntary action, which is common in Russian reflexive verbs; be cautious with the 'ж' sound, as it's a voiced fricative.

Audio: []

Meanings and Usage:

Biological excretion of waste (e.g., bodily functions)

Translation(s) & Context:

• выделять - Used in formal scientific contexts, such as describing metabolic processes in biology or medicine.
• испражняться - Applied in informal or everyday situations, like discussing human or animal waste elimination.

Usage Examples:

• Организм выделяет токсины через пот и мочу. (The body excretes toxins through sweat and urine.)

  English: The body excretes toxins through sweat and urine.

• В природе животные испражняются, чтобы поддерживать гигиену. (In nature, animals excrete to maintain hygiene.)

  English: In nature, animals excrete to maintain hygiene.

• Медики изучили, как почки выделяют вредные вещества. (Doctors studied how kidneys excrete harmful substances.)

  English: Doctors studied how kidneys excrete harmful substances.

• Ребенок начал испражняться чаще, что указывает на расстройство. (The child started excreting more frequently, indicating a disorder.)

  English: The child started excreting more frequently, indicating a disorder.

• В лабораторных условиях ученые наблюдают, как клетки выделяют отходы. (In laboratory conditions, scientists observe how cells excrete waste.)

  English: In laboratory conditions, scientists observe how cells excrete waste.

Russian Forms/Inflections:

Both primary translations are verbs, so they undergo conjugation based on tense, aspect, person, and number. 'Выделять' is an imperfective verb, while 'испражняться' is also imperfective and reflexive.

Note: These verbs do not have irregular forms but follow standard Russian conjugation patterns. For 'испражняться', the reflexive particle '-ся' remains attached in all forms.

Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:

• Synonyms:
  • испускать (ispyiskat') - Similar to 'выделять', but often used for emitting gases or fluids; more poetic or literary.
  • выводит (vyvodit) - Focuses on the process of elimination, especially in medical contexts; less common in casual speech.
• Antonyms:
  • накапливать (nakaplivat') - Means to accumulate or retain, opposite of excretion.
  • удерживать (uderzhivat') - Implies holding back or retaining substances.

Related Phrases:

• Выделять отходы (vydeliat' othody) - Excrete waste; used in environmental or health discussions.
• Испражняться в неподходящее время (ispravnyat'sya v nepodkhodyashchee vremya) - Excrete at an inappropriate time; refers to social faux pas in informal settings.
• Процесс выделения токсинов (protsess vydeleniya toksinov) - The process of excreting toxins; common in scientific literature.

Usage Notes:

'Выделять' is the more precise and formal equivalent of 'excrete' in Russian, often used in scientific or medical contexts, while 'испражняться' is better for everyday or biological discussions involving defecation. English speakers should note that Russian verbs require aspect (imperfective for ongoing actions), so always pair with appropriate auxiliaries like 'буду' for future tense. Choose 'выделять' for general excretion and 'испражняться' for human/animal-specific scenarios to avoid sounding overly casual or incorrect.

• In formal writing, prefer 'выделять' to maintain a professional tone.
• Be aware of gender agreement in past tense forms, as Russian verbs change based on the subject's gender.

Common Errors:

English learners often confuse 'выделять' with 'выделить' (the perfective form), mistakenly using it for completed actions. For example:

• Incorrect: Я выделил токсины вчера. (This implies a perfective action, but 'выделить' means 'to allocate' in some contexts, leading to confusion.)
• Correct: Я выделял токсины вчера. (Use the imperfective for ongoing past actions.)
• Another error: Omitting the reflexive '-ся' in 'испражняться', e.g., saying 'испражнять' instead, which is not a word and sounds awkward. Explanation: Russian reflexive verbs must include the particle for the action to make sense.

Cultural Notes:

In Russian culture, discussions about excretion are often taboo in casual conversation, similar to English-speaking cultures, but they are more openly addressed in medical or educational contexts. The word 'испражняться' may carry a humorous or vulgar connotation in informal settings, reflecting cultural sensitivities around bodily functions, which are sometimes referenced in literature like Chekhov's works for comedic effect.

Related Concepts:

• метаболизм (metabolizm)
• почки (pocki)
• токсины (toksiny)