Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'exclusion'

English Word: exclusion

Key Russian Translations:

• исключение /ɪsklʲʊˈʧenʲje/ - [Formal, used in general contexts such as legal, mathematical, or social discussions]

Frequency: Medium - This word is commonly encountered in formal writing, academic texts, and everyday discussions involving rules or exceptions, but not as frequent in casual spoken language.

Difficulty: B1 (Intermediate) - Learners at this level should grasp the concept, though mastering its inflections may require practice; the term is straightforward in basic contexts.

Pronunciation (Russian):

исключение: /ɪsklʲʊˈʧenʲje/

Note on исключение: The stress falls on the third syllable ('ʧenʲje'), and the 'лʲ' sound is a palatalized 'l', which can be challenging for English speakers. Pronounce it with a soft, flowing quality typical of Russian phonetics.

Audio: []

Meanings and Usage:

Meaning 1: The act of excluding someone or something, often implying removal or omission.

Translation(s) & Context:

• исключение - Used in formal contexts like legal documents or social policies, to denote deliberate exclusion from a group or set.

Usage Examples:

• Русский пример: В правилах есть исключение для детей младше 12 лет. (In the rules, there is an exclusion for children under 12 years old.)

  English Translation: In the rules, there is an exclusion for children under 12 years old.

• Русский пример: Социальное исключение может привести к проблемам в обществе. (Social exclusion can lead to problems in society.)

  English Translation: Social exclusion can lead to problems in society.

• Русский пример: При расчёте налога делается исключение для пенсионеров. (An exclusion is made for pensioners in tax calculations.)

  English Translation: An exclusion is made for pensioners in tax calculations.

• Русский пример: Исключение из списка кандидатов было неожиданным. (The exclusion from the list of candidates was unexpected.)

  English Translation: The exclusion from the list of candidates was unexpected.

Meaning 2: Something that is excluded or an exception to a rule.

Translation(s) & Context:

• исключение - Applied in contexts like mathematics or logic, to refer to an item or case that does not follow the general rule.

Usage Examples:

• Русский пример: Это правило имеет одно исключение. (This rule has one exclusion.)

  English Translation: This rule has one exclusion.

• Русский пример: В контракте указано исключение для чрезвычайных ситуаций. (The contract specifies an exclusion for emergency situations.)

  English Translation: The contract specifies an exclusion for emergency situations.

• Русский пример: Исключение в законе позволяет избежать штрафа. (The exclusion in the law allows one to avoid a fine.)

  English Translation: The exclusion in the law allows one to avoid a fine.

Russian Forms/Inflections:

исключение is a neuter noun in the second declension. It follows regular patterns for Russian nouns, with changes based on case and number. Below is a table outlining its inflections:

Note: This noun is regular and does not have irregular forms, making it relatively straightforward for learners.

Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:

• Synonyms: отстранение (otstranenie) - More specific to removal from a position; исключение из правил (isklyuchenie iz pravil) - For exceptions in rules.
• Antonyms: включение (vkljuchenie) - Direct opposite, meaning inclusion.

Related Phrases:

• Исключение из правил - (Exception to the rules) - Used to denote a special case that deviates from standard procedures.
• Социальное исключение - (Social exclusion) - Refers to the marginalization of individuals in society, often in discussions of inequality.
• Делать исключение - (To make an exclusion) - Implies creating an exception for specific circumstances.

Usage Notes:

исключение directly corresponds to "exclusion" in English, particularly in formal or technical contexts, but it can also imply an "exception" in rules. Use it in written Russian for precision, such as in legal or academic settings. Be mindful of case changes based on sentence structure; for example, in genitive constructions like "исключения из списка" (exclusion from the list). If multiple translations exist, choose исключение for general purposes, but opt for synonyms like отстранение for social or professional exclusion to better fit the context.

• Grammar note: Always ensure agreement in gender, number, and case with surrounding words.
• Context tip: In informal speech, Russians might use simpler phrases, so исключение is more common in educated or professional discourse.

Common Errors:

One common mistake for English learners is confusing the genitive form, e.g., using "исключение" instead of "исключения" in phrases like "исключения из правил" (exclusion from the rules). Incorrect: "Я видел исключение из правила" (wrong case usage). Correct: "Я видел исключение из правила" should be "Я видел исключение из правил" in plural contexts. This error arises from overlooking Russian case requirements, which differ from English's lack of declension—always check the governing preposition or verb for the correct case.

Cultural Notes:

In Russian culture, the concept of исключение often appears in discussions of social policies or historical events, such as exclusions during the Soviet era, where certain groups were marginalized. This reflects broader themes of collectivism versus individualism, helping users understand how language mirrors societal values.

Related Concepts:

• включение (inclusion)
• отвержение (rejection)
• исключительный (exceptional)