Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'excluding'

English Word: excluding

Key Russian Translations:

• исключая /ɪsklʲʊˈt͡ɕajə/ - [Formal, used in written or legal contexts]
• за исключением /zə ɪsklʲʊˈt͡ɕenʲɪm/ - [Formal, common in official or academic language]

Frequency: Medium (commonly used in formal writing and speech, but less frequent in everyday casual conversation)

Difficulty: B1 (Intermediate; requires understanding of prepositions and case structures, with some variations based on context)

Pronunciation (Russian):

исключая: /ɪsklʲʊˈt͡ɕajə/

Note on исключая: The stress is on the third syllable; be careful with the palatalized 'л' sound, which can be tricky for English speakers. Pronunciation may vary slightly in fast speech.

за исключением: /zə ɪsklʲʊˈt͡ɕenʲɪm/

Note on за исключением: This phrase has a clear stress on "исключением"; the 'з' is pronounced softly as /z/. Audio can help with the rhythmic flow.

Audio: []

Meanings and Usage:

Meaning 1: Indicating exclusion or omission from a group or set

Translation(s) & Context:

• исключая - Used in contexts where something is deliberately left out, such as in lists or definitions (e.g., in formal reports or legal documents).
• за исключением - Applied in broader exclusion scenarios, like exceptions in rules or agreements (e.g., in business or academic writing).

Usage Examples:

• В список вошли все участники, исключая тех, кто опоздал. (The list included all participants, excluding those who were late.)

  Translation: The list included all participants, excluding those who were late.

• За исключением нескольких ошибок, отчет был идеальным. (Excluding a few mistakes, the report was perfect.)

  Translation: Excluding a few mistakes, the report was perfect. This shows the phrase in a evaluative context.

• Мы пригласили всех, исключая членов семьи. (We invited everyone, excluding family members.)

  Translation: We invited everyone, excluding family members. Here, it's used in social planning.

• За исключением погодных условий, мероприятие прошло гладко. (Excluding the weather conditions, the event went smoothly.)

  Translation: Excluding the weather conditions, the event went smoothly. Demonstrates exclusion of external factors.

• В контракте указано, исключая праздничные дни. (The contract states, excluding holidays.)

  Translation: The contract states, excluding holidays. This highlights formal contractual language.

Meaning 2: Not including or leaving out in a more general sense

Translation(s) & Context:

• исключая - Often in mathematical or logical contexts to denote subtraction or omission.
• за исключением - In everyday contexts for making exceptions in statements.

Usage Examples:

• Цена включает все, исключая налоги. (The price includes everything, excluding taxes.)

  Translation: The price includes everything, excluding taxes. This is common in commercial settings.

• За исключением одного пункта, план был принят. (Excluding one point, the plan was accepted.)

  Translation: Excluding one point, the plan was accepted. Shows negotiation in meetings.

• Все студенты сдали экзамен, исключая двоих. (All students passed the exam, excluding two.)

  Translation: All students passed the exam, excluding two. Illustrates educational contexts.

Russian Forms/Inflections:

Both "исключая" and "за исключением" are invariable in form, meaning they do not change based on gender, number, or case. However, "исключая" is a gerund form of the verb "исключать" (to exclude), which has full verbal inflections if used in other contexts.

For reference, the verb "исключать" (isklyuchat') inflects as follows:

For "за исключением", it is a fixed phrase and remains unchanged.

Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:

• Synonyms:
  • кроме (krome) - More neutral, used in everyday speech.
  • без (bez) - Implies absence, with subtle differences in formality.
• Antonyms:
  • включая (vklyuchaya) - Meaning "including".
  • с (s) - As in "with" or "including", depending on context.

Related Phrases:

• За исключением того, что... (Za isklucheniem togo, chto...) - Meaning: Except for the fact that...; Used to introduce an exception in explanations.
• Исключая возможные риски (Isklyuchaya vozmozhnye riski) - Meaning: Excluding possible risks; Common in risk assessment contexts.
• Без учета (Bez ucheta) - Meaning: Without taking into account; A related phrase for exclusion in calculations.

Usage Notes:

"Исключая" and "за исключением" both correspond closely to "excluding" in English but are more formal in Russian. Use "исключая" for direct omissions in lists, while "за исключением" is better for broader exceptions. Be mindful of the genitive case that often follows these words, as Russian requires case agreement (e.g., "исключая ошибки" uses genitive). In informal speech, opt for simpler synonyms like "кроме" to avoid sounding overly stiff.

• Choose "за исключением" for legal or official documents where precision is key.
• Avoid direct word-for-word translation; adapt based on sentence structure to maintain natural flow.

Common Errors:

One common mistake is confusing "исключая" with "включая" (including), leading to opposite meanings. For example, English learners might say "Исключая все" when they mean "Including all," but the correct form is "Включая все." Another error is improper case usage; e.g., saying "Исключая стол" (incorrect genitive) instead of "Исключая стол" (wait, it's correct here), but often, learners forget the genitive in phrases like "Исключая книгу" (exсluding the book). Correct usage: Always ensure the following noun is in genitive case, as in "За исключением книги" vs. the wrong "За исключением книга."

Cultural Notes:

In Russian culture and language, phrases like "за исключением" are heavily used in bureaucratic and educational contexts due to Russia's emphasis on formal documentation and precision in communication. This reflects a cultural value on thoroughness and exception-handling in official matters, such as in government forms or academic papers, which can differ from more casual English approaches.

Related Concepts:

• включая (vklyuchaya)
• кроме того (krome togo)
• без исключения (bez isklucheniya)