Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'earmark'

English Word: earmark

Key Russian Translations:

• выделить [vɨˈdʲelʲɪtʲ] - [Formal, used for allocating or designating resources]
• метка [ˈmʲɛtkə] - [Informal, plural form: метки [ˈmʲɛtkʲi]]
• предназначить [prʲɪdnəˈznačʲɪtʲ] - [Formal, often in official or legal contexts]

Frequency: Medium (commonly used in business, finance, and everyday allocation discussions, but not as frequent as basic verbs like "делать")

Difficulty: B2 (Intermediate; requires understanding of verb conjugations and noun declensions, with 'выделить' being slightly easier for beginners and 'предназначить' more advanced due to formal nuances)

Pronunciation (Russian):

выделить: [vɨˈdʲelʲɪtʲ] (Stress on the second syllable; note the soft 'л' sound, which can be tricky for English speakers)

Note on выделить: The 'ы' vowel is a back unrounded sound, distinct from English 'i'; practice with native audio for accuracy.

метка: [ˈmʲɛtkə] (Stress on the first syllable; the 'мʲ' is palatalized, common in Russian nouns)

предназначить: [prʲɪdnəˈznačʲɪtʲ] (Stress on the third syllable; pay attention to the consonant clusters)

Audio: Insert audio player for 'выделить' (e.g., MP3 link to a native pronunciation)

Meanings and Usage:

As a verb: To designate or set aside for a specific purpose

Translation(s) & Context:

• выделить - Used in formal contexts like budgeting or planning, e.g., in business meetings or official documents.
• предназначить - Applied in legal or strategic scenarios, emphasizing intentional allocation.

Usage Examples:

• Мы решили выделить часть бюджета на образовательные программы.

  We decided to earmark part of the budget for educational programs.

• Правительство предназначило средства для развития инфраструктуры.

  The government earmarked funds for infrastructure development.

• В проекте они выделили специальный раздел для инноваций.

  In the project, they earmarked a special section for innovations.

• Она выделила время, чтобы помочь коллегам с заданием.

  She earmarked time to help colleagues with the assignment.

• Команда предназначит ресурсы для экстренных ситуаций.

  The team will earmark resources for emergency situations.

As a noun: A mark or designation for a specific use

Translation(s) & Context:

• метка - Informal, often used in everyday or technical contexts, like labeling or tagging.

Usage Examples:

• Эта метка на документе указывает на его приоритет.

  This earmark on the document indicates its priority.

• В системе используется метка для отслеживания изменений.

  In the system, an earmark is used for tracking changes.

• Метка на товаре обозначает его происхождение.

  The earmark on the product denotes its origin.

Russian Forms/Inflections:

For 'выделить' (verb, first conjugation):

For 'метка' (noun, feminine, first declension):

'Предназначить' follows similar verb conjugation patterns as 'выделить' but is irregular in some aspects due to prefixes.

Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:

• Synonyms:
  • выделить: отвести (otvesti) - Similar but often used for spatial allocation.
  • метка: ярлык (yarlyk) - Informal equivalent for a label or tag.
  • предназначить: зарезервировать (zarezervirovat') - Emphasizes reservation for future use.
• Antonyms:
  • Для выделить: упразднить (uprazdnit') - To abolish or cancel allocation.
  • Для метка: удалить (udalit') - To remove or erase a mark.

Related Phrases:

• Выделить средства - To allocate funds; commonly used in financial planning.
• Поставить метку - To put a mark; refers to tagging items in everyday contexts.
• Предназначить для целей - To designate for purposes; formal phrase in policy documents.

Usage Notes:

In Russian, 'выделить' is the most direct equivalent to 'earmark' as a verb, especially in contexts involving resources or time, but it implies a more active separation than the English word. Use 'предназначить' for legal or intentional designations to match formal English usage. Be mindful of word order in sentences; Russian often places the verb at the end for emphasis. For plural forms like 'метки', ensure agreement with adjectives and verbs in context.

• When translating 'earmark' as a noun, 'метка' works for physical or metaphorical marks, but avoid it in abstract financial contexts where verb forms are preferred.
• Grammar tip: Verbs like 'выделить' require perfective aspect for completed actions, so pair with appropriate prefixes if needed.

Common Errors:

English learners often confuse 'выделить' with 'выделять' (the imperfective form), using it for ongoing actions. Error: "Я выделять деньги каждый месяц" (incorrect, as it should be perfective for specific allocation). Correct: "Я выделю деньги на следующий месяц." Explanation: Russian verbs have aspect; use perfective for completed or planned actions like earmarking.

Another error is improper declension: Saying "на метка" instead of "на метке" (genitive case error). Correct usage: "Я поставил метку на документе." This happens due to English's lack of cases.

Cultural Notes:

In Russian culture, concepts like 'выделить' are prevalent in bureaucratic and Soviet-era contexts, where resources were often 'earmarked' for state priorities. This reflects a historical emphasis on planned economies, making such terms common in modern business discussions as well.

Related Concepts:

• бюджет (byudzhet) - Budget
• ресурсы (resursy) - Resources
• назначение (naznacheniye) - Appointment or designation