Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'draught'

English Word: draught

Key Russian Translations:

• черновик [t͡ɕɪrnɐˈvʲik] - [Formal, used for drafts of documents]
• сквозняк [skvɐzˈnʲak] - [Informal, used for a current of air]
• разливное пиво [rɐˈzlʲivnəje ˈpʲivə] - [Informal, used for draft beer or beverages from a keg]

Frequency: Medium (commonly encountered in everyday contexts like writing, weather, or beverages, but not as frequent as basic vocabulary)

Difficulty: B1 (Intermediate; requires understanding of noun inflections and contextual usage; for 'черновик', it may be A2 for beginners, while 'сквозняк' could be B2 due to its specific connotations)

Pronunciation (Russian):

черновик: [t͡ɕɪrnɐˈvʲik]

Note on черновик: The initial 'ч' is a voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate, which can be challenging for English speakers; stress falls on the second syllable.

сквозняк: [skvɐzˈnʲak]

Note on сквозняк: The 'скв' cluster is pronounced quickly; be aware of the palatalized 'н' sound, which softens the articulation.

разливное пиво: [rɐˈzlʲivnəje ˈpʲivə]

Note on разливное пиво: This is a compound phrase; stress varies by word, and 'пиво' ends with a voiced 'в' that may vary in casual speech.

Audio: []

Meanings and Usage:

Meaning 1: A preliminary version of a document (e.g., draft)

Translation(s) & Context:

• черновик - Used in formal writing or professional contexts, such as editing manuscripts or reports.

Usage Examples:

• Я написал черновик отчёта, но нужно его доработать.

  I wrote a draft of the report, but it needs to be revised.

• В издательстве редактируют черновик романа.

  At the publishing house, they are editing the draft of the novel.

• Перед отправкой проверьте черновик письма.

  Before sending, check the draft of the letter.

• Студент представил черновик эссе на проверку.

  The student submitted a draft of the essay for review.

Meaning 2: A current of air or draft (e.g., in a room)

Translation(s) & Context:

• сквозняк - Used in everyday conversations about weather, health, or home environments, often implying something uncomfortable.

Usage Examples:

• В комнате был сквозняк, и я простудился.

  There was a draught in the room, and I caught a cold.

• Закройте окно, чтобы избежать сквозняка.

  Close the window to avoid the draught.

• Сквозняк в коридоре сделал воздух холодным.

  The draught in the hallway made the air cold.

• В старом доме часто бывает сквозняк из щелей.

  In the old house, there's often a draught coming from the cracks.

Meaning 3: A serving of beer or drink from a keg (e.g., draught beer)

Translation(s) & Context:

• разливное пиво - Used in casual or social settings, such as bars or pubs, to describe beer on tap.

Usage Examples:

• В баре подают свежее разливное пиво из бочки.

  The bar serves fresh draught beer from the keg.

• Я предпочитаю разливное пиво бутылочному.

  I prefer draught beer to bottled beer.

• Разливное пиво в этом пабе всегда холодное и вкусное.

  The draught beer in this pub is always cold and tasty.

• Закажите разливное пиво, если хотите аутентичный вкус.

  Order draught beer if you want an authentic taste.

Russian Forms/Inflections:

For 'черновик' (a masculine noun), it follows standard Russian first-declension patterns. It is inflected for case, number, and gender as needed:

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	черновик	черновики
Genitive	черновика	черновиков
Dative	черновику	черновикам
Accusative	черновик	черновики
Instrumental	черновиком	черновиками
Prepositional	черновике	черновиках

For 'сквозняк' (also a masculine noun), it has similar inflections:

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	сквозняк	сквозняки
Genitive	сквозняка	сквозняков

'Разливное пиво' is a phrase where 'пиво' (neuter noun) inflects regularly, but the adjective 'разливное' agrees with it.

Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:

• Synonyms:
  • Черновик: вариант (variant) - Often used interchangeably for preliminary versions, but 'вариант' can imply options.
  • Сквозняк: протяжение (draft or pull of air) - More poetic or literary context.
  • Разливное пиво: пиво на кране (beer on tap) - Exact synonym in beverage contexts.
• Antonyms:
  • Черновик: финальная версия (final version)
  • Сквозняк: застойный воздух (stagnant air)
  • Разливное пиво: бутылочное пиво (bottled beer)

Related Phrases:

• Черновой вариант - A rough draft; used in creative or professional writing.
• Сквозной ветер - A through draft or wind; implies a strong, penetrating air current.
• Разливное пиво в пабе - Draught beer in a pub; common in social drinking scenarios.

Usage Notes:

'Черновик' directly corresponds to the document-related meaning of 'draught' and is preferred in formal Russian contexts, such as academia or publishing. 'Сквозняк' is more idiomatic for air currents and carries a negative connotation, often linked to discomfort or health issues. When choosing between translations, consider the context: for beverages, 'разливное пиво' is casual and region-specific. Be mindful of gender agreements in sentences, as all these nouns are masculine.

Common Errors:

• English learners often confuse 'черновик' with 'draft' in non-document contexts, e.g., saying "черновик пива" instead of "разливное пиво" for draught beer. Correct usage: Use 'разливное пиво' for beverages. Error example: "Я пью черновик" (wrong); Correct: "Я пью разливное пиво" – This mixes meanings, leading to confusion.
• Another error is improper inflection, e.g., using 'сквозняка' in nominative case. Error: "Есть сквозняка в комнате" (incorrect); Correct: "Есть сквозняк в комнате" – Always match case for grammatical accuracy.

Cultural Notes:

'Сквозняк' is culturally significant in Russian folklore and daily life, often blamed for illnesses like colds, reflecting a traditional belief in the dangers of drafts. This stems from historical living conditions in cold climates, where avoiding 'сквозняк' was essential for health.

Related Concepts:

• Редактирование (Editing)
• Ветер (Wind)
• Пиво (Beer)