Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'drainage'

English Word: drainage

Key Russian Translations:

• Дренаж [ˈdrenəʒ] - [Formal, Technical; Used in engineering and medical contexts]
• Отвод [ɐtˈvod] - [Formal; Commonly used for water diversion or drainage in construction]
• Сток [stok] - [Informal; General term for outflow or drainage, often in everyday contexts]

Frequency: Medium; This term and its translations are frequently encountered in technical, engineering, and medical discussions but less so in casual conversation.

Difficulty: B2; Intermediate level, as it involves specialized vocabulary that requires familiarity with Russian noun declensions and technical terminology. For 'Дренаж', it's B2 due to its borrowed nature; for 'Отвод', it may be A2 for basic forms but B1 overall.

Pronunciation (Russian):

Дренаж: [ˈdrenəʒ] (The stress is on the first syllable; note the soft 'ж' sound, similar to the 'zh' in 'measure').

Отвод: [ɐtˈvod] (Stress on the second syllable; the 'о' is pronounced as a short 'a' sound.)

Сток: [stok] (Stress on the first syllable; a straightforward pronunciation with no major irregularities.)

Note on Дренаж: This is a borrowed word from English/French, so pronunciation may vary slightly by region in Russia, with some speakers emphasizing the 'r' more distinctly.

Audio: []

Meanings and Usage:

Meaning 1: The process of draining liquid from an area, often in engineering or agriculture.

Translation(s) & Context:

• Дренаж - Used in formal technical contexts, such as describing water removal systems in construction or land management.
• Отвод - Applied in scenarios involving redirection of fluids, like in plumbing or irrigation systems.

Usage Examples:

• В городе была построена эффективная система дренажа для предотвращения наводнений.

  In the city, an effective drainage system was built to prevent flooding.

• После дождя отвод воды с полей происходит быстро благодаря естественному уклону.

  After the rain, the drainage of water from the fields happens quickly due to the natural slope.

• Сток дождевой воды в реку был заблокирован мусором, что вызвало проблемы.

  The drainage of rainwater into the river was blocked by debris, causing issues.

• Инженеры спроектировали дренаж для отвода грунтовых вод из подвала дома.

  Engineers designed a drainage system to divert groundwater from the house basement.

Meaning 2: A medical procedure or system for removing fluids from the body, such as in surgery.

Translation(s) & Context:

• Дренаж - Primarily used in medical contexts, like post-operative fluid removal.
• Сток - Less common here, but can refer to general outflow in a metaphorical sense.

Usage Examples:

• После операции хирург установил дренаж для удаления жидкости из раны.

  After the surgery, the surgeon installed drainage to remove fluid from the wound.

• Врачи мониторят отвод экссудата через дренажную трубку.

  Doctors monitor the drainage of exudate through the drainage tube.

• Дренаж в медицинской практике помогает предотвратить инфекции.

  Drainage in medical practice helps prevent infections.

Russian Forms/Inflections:

Most translations like 'Дренаж' and 'Отвод' are masculine nouns in Russian, which follow standard declension patterns. 'Дренаж' is often treated as an indeclinable borrowed word in modern usage, while 'Отвод' inflects regularly.

For 'Сток', it is also a masculine noun with regular inflections similar to 'Отвод'.

Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:

• Synonyms:
  • Водоотвод (Vodootvod) - Specifically for water drainage; more precise in hydraulic contexts.
  • Вывод (Vyvod) - General outflow, with a slight emphasis on extraction.
• Antonyms:
  • Залив (Zaliv) - Inundation or flooding.
  • Накопление (Nakoplenie) - Accumulation, as in buildup of fluids.

Related Phrases:

• Система дренажа - A drainage system; Used in engineering to describe infrastructure for water management.
• Отвод грунтовых вод - Groundwater drainage; Common in construction contexts for preventing water buildup.
• Медицинский дренаж - Medical drainage; Refers to procedures in healthcare for fluid removal.

Usage Notes:

In Russian, 'Дренаж' directly corresponds to the English 'drainage' in technical fields, but it's a borrowed term, so it's often used in formal or professional settings. Choose 'Отвод' for contexts involving redirection rather than collection. Be mindful of noun cases; for example, use the genitive case (e.g., 'дренажа') when indicating possession. English speakers might confuse it with similar words like 'дрена' (drain), so context is key for accurate usage.

Common Errors:

• Error: Using 'Дренаж' as if it doesn't decline, leading to incorrect sentences like "Я видел дренаж" when it should be "Я видел дренаж" (it's often indeclinable, but learners might over-decline it). Correct: In accusative, it remains "Дренаж". Explanation: Russian borrowed words like this are sometimes not fully inflected, so check context to avoid unnecessary changes.

• Error: Confusing 'Отвод' with 'Вывод' (output or conclusion). For example, saying "Отвод информации" instead of "Вывод информации" for 'information output'. Correct: Use 'Отвод' only for physical drainage. Explanation: These words share roots but differ in application, so context prevents misuse.

Cultural Notes:

In Russia, terms like 'Дренаж' are prominent in urban planning due to the country's vast geography and frequent flooding issues in regions like Siberia. It reflects practical engineering solutions influenced by historical infrastructure challenges, such as those during Soviet-era developments.

Related Concepts:

• Канализация (Kanalizatsiya) - Sewerage system.
• Ирригация (Irrigatsiya) - Irrigation.
• Водоснабжение (Vodosnabzhenie) - Water supply.