Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'disclose'

English Word: disclose

Key Russian Translations:

• раскрывать [rɐˈskry.vətʲ] - [Informal, Verb, Imperfective; Used in ongoing or habitual actions]
• раскрыть [rɐˈskrytʲ] - [Formal, Verb, Perfective; Used for completed actions]
• обнародовать [ɐbnɐˈrɔdəvətʲ] - [Formal, Verb; Used in official or public contexts]

Frequency: Medium (Common in written and spoken Russian, especially in news, legal, and everyday conversations, but not as frequent as basic verbs like "сказать").

Difficulty: B1 (Intermediate; Involves understanding aspect differences in Russian verbs, which can be challenging for learners. For 'раскрывать', B1; for 'раскрыть', also B1 due to perfective aspect.)

Pronunciation (Russian):

раскрывать: [rɐˈskry.vətʲ]

раскрыть: [rɐˈskrytʲ]

обнародовать: [ɐbnɐˈrɔdəvətʲ]

Note on раскрывать: The stress falls on the second syllable ('skry'), and the final '-ать' ending softens in casual speech. Be mindful of the rolling 'r' sound, which is a common challenge for English speakers.

Note on раскрыть: This is the perfective form; pronunciation may vary slightly in fast speech, with the 'tʲ' becoming more palatalized.

Audio: []

Meanings and Usage:

To reveal or make known information, especially something secret or confidential

Translation(s) & Context:

• раскрывать - In informal or narrative contexts, such as personal stories or ongoing processes.
• раскрыть - In formal or legal contexts, emphasizing a completed revelation.
• обнародовать - In public or official settings, like government disclosures.

Usage Examples:

• Он всегда раскрывает свои секреты друзьям. (He always discloses his secrets to his friends.)

  He always reveals his secrets to his friends. (Shows habitual action in informal settings.)

• Компания раскрыла финансовые данные на конференции. (The company disclosed financial data at the conference.)

  The company revealed financial data at the conference. (Illustrates use in a business context with imperfective aspect.)

• Расследователи раскрыли правду о преступлении. (The investigators disclosed the truth about the crime.)

  The investigators revealed the truth about the crime. (Demonstrates perfective aspect for a completed action.)

• Правительство обнародовало новые законы по охране окружающей среды. (The government disclosed new laws on environmental protection.)

  The government made public new laws on environmental protection. (Highlights formal, official usage.)

• В интервью она раскрыла детали своей биографии. (In the interview, she disclosed details of her biography.)

  In the interview, she revealed details of her biography. (Shows application in media or personal disclosure scenarios.)

To expose or bring to light hidden facts

Translation(s) & Context:

• раскрыть - Often used in investigative or dramatic contexts.
• обнаружить - Sometimes interchangeable if emphasizing discovery.

Usage Examples:

• Журналисты раскрыли коррупционный скандал. (Journalists disclosed the corruption scandal.)

  Journalists revealed the corruption scandal. (Focuses on exposing wrongdoing.)

• Он раскрыл заговор против компании. (He disclosed the plot against the company.)

  He revealed the plot against the company. (Illustrates use in suspenseful narratives.)

Russian Forms/Inflections:

For 'раскрывать' (imperfective verb), it follows the standard first conjugation pattern in Russian, with variations based on tense, aspect, and person. 'раскрыть' is its perfective counterpart and conjugates similarly but is used for completed actions.

For 'обнародовать', it is also a first-conjugation verb with similar patterns, but it remains unchanged in most forms and is less irregular.

Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:

• Synonyms:
  • обнаруживать (to discover or reveal; more neutral and often used for physical findings)
  • раскрывать (similar to disclose, but can imply deeper revelation)
  • сообщать (to inform; less emphatic on secrecy)
• Antonyms:
  • скрывать (to hide; directly opposite, implying concealment)
  • умалчивать (to keep silent about; used for withholding information)

Related Phrases:

• раскрыть карты - (To reveal one's intentions or plans; literal translation: "to show one's cards"; used in metaphorical contexts like negotiations.)
• обнародовать информацию - (To make information public; common in media or official announcements.)
• раскрыть тайну - (To disclose a secret; emphasizes personal or mysterious elements.)

Usage Notes:

Russian verbs like 'раскрывать' and 'раскрыть' are aspectual pairs, where the imperfective ('раскрывать') describes ongoing or repeated actions, while the perfective ('раскрыть') indicates a single, completed event. Choose based on context: use imperfective for processes (e.g., "He is disclosing details") and perfective for results (e.g., "He disclosed the information"). 'Обнародовать' is more formal and suits official disclosures, unlike the everyday 'раскрывать'. English speakers should note that Russian often requires specifying the object directly, e.g., "раскрыть секрет" instead of just "disclose".

• In legal contexts, 'обнародовать' aligns closely with "disclose" in English contracts.
• Avoid using these interchangeably with 'сказать' (to say), as they imply revelation of hidden information.

Common Errors:

English learners often confuse the aspect: for example, using 'раскрывать' for a one-time event, like saying "Я раскрываю информацию вчера" (incorrect; should be "Я раскрыл информацию вчера" for perfective). Correct: "Я раскрывал информацию вчера" if it was ongoing. Another error is overusing 'обнародовать' in casual speech, which sounds overly formal; instead, opt for 'раскрывать' in everyday conversations. Explanation: Russian aspect is crucial for precise meaning, so always consider whether the action is completed or not.

Cultural Notes:

In Russian culture, disclosing information (e.g., 'раскрыть тайну') can carry significant weight, especially in contexts like family secrets or historical events. For instance, during the Soviet era, 'обнародовать' was often linked to state-controlled revelations, reflecting themes of transparency versus secrecy in Russian literature and media.

Related Concepts:

• секрет (secret)
• информация (information)
• скандал (scandal)
• расследование (investigation)