Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'Comprise'

English Word: comprise

Key Russian Translations:

• состоять [səsʲtɐˈjatʲ] - [Formal, Used in written and spoken contexts for composition or structure]
• включать [fklʲuˈtɕatʲ] - [Neutral, Often used for including or encompassing elements]

Frequency: Medium (commonly used in formal and academic contexts)

Difficulty: B1 (Intermediate) for both translations

Pronunciation (Russian):

состоять: [səsʲtɐˈjatʲ]

Note on состоять: Stress falls on the second syllable; the "я" is pronounced as a soft "ya."

включать: [fklʲuˈtɕatʲ]

Note on включать: Stress on the second syllable; "ч" is a soft "ch" sound.

Audio: []

Meanings and Usage:

1. To be made up of (structural composition)

Translation(s) & Context:

• состоять - Often used to describe the composition of groups, organizations, or abstract entities.

Usage Examples:

• Комитет состоит из пяти членов.

  The committee comprises five members.

• Этот сплав состоит из нескольких металлов.

  This alloy comprises several metals.

• Его работа состоит в анализе данных.

  His job comprises data analysis.

2. To include or contain (encompassing elements)

Translation(s) & Context:

• включать - Used when emphasizing the inclusion of specific components or elements.

Usage Examples:

• Этот пакет включает все необходимые документы.

  This package comprises all necessary documents.

• Меню включает три блюда и напиток.

  The menu comprises three dishes and a drink.

Russian Forms/Inflections:

состоять (verb, imperfective): This verb follows regular conjugation patterns for verbs ending in -ять. It is often used with the preposition "из" (of) to indicate composition.

Person	Present Tense	Past Tense (Masculine/Feminine/Neuter/Plural)
Я (I)	состою	состоял / состояла / состояло / состояли
Ты (You, singular)	состоишь	состоял / состояла / состояло / состояли
Он/Она/Оно (He/She/It)	состоит	состоял / состояла / состояло / состояли

включать (verb, imperfective): Regular conjugation for verbs ending in -ать. Often used with direct objects without prepositions.

Person	Present Tense	Past Tense (Masculine/Feminine/Neuter/Plural)
Я (I)	включаю	включал / включала / включало / включали
Ты (You, singular)	включаешь	включал / включала / включало / включали
Он/Она/Оно (He/She/It)	включает	включал / включала / включало / включали

Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:

Synonyms for состоять:

• составлять
• быть частью

Note: "составлять" is often used in formal or written contexts, while "быть частью" is more conversational.

Synonyms for включать:

• содержать
• охватывать

Antonyms:

• исключать (to exclude)
• выпускать (to omit)

Related Phrases:

• состоять из частей - to comprise parts (used for describing components of a whole)
• включать в себя - to comprise within itself (emphasizes internal inclusion)

Usage Notes:

• "состоять" is generally used for abstract or structural composition and often pairs with "из" (of). It is more formal than "включать."
• "включать" focuses on inclusion and is more versatile, often used in everyday speech for lists or contents.
• Be mindful of context when choosing between the two; "состоять" might sound overly formal in casual conversation.

Common Errors:

• Error: Using "состоять" without the preposition "из" when describing composition. Incorrect: *Комитет состоит пять членов.* Correct: Комитет состоит из пяти членов. (The committee comprises five members.)
• Error: Confusing "включать" with "включить" (perfective form). "Включать" is imperfective and used for ongoing or general inclusion. Incorrect: *Я включил документы вчера.* Correct: Я включал документы в отчет. (I included documents in the report.)

Cultural Notes:

In Russian, the choice between "состоять" and "включать" can reflect the speaker's intent or formality level. "Состоять" is often associated with official or hierarchical structures (e.g., committees, organizations), while "включать" is more neutral and widely applicable.

Related Concepts:

• состав (composition)
• часть (part)
• элемент (element)