Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'Chronic'

English Word: Chronic

Key Russian Translations:

• хронический [xrɐˈnʲitɕɪskʲɪj] - [Formal, Adjective]
• длительный [ˈdlʲitʲɪlʲnɨj] - [Neutral, Adjective, Often used for duration]

Frequency: Medium

Difficulty: B1 (Intermediate) for both translations

Pronunciation (Russian):

хронический: [xrɐˈnʲitɕɪskʲɪj]

Note on хронический: Stress falls on the second syllable. The 'х' sound is a voiceless fricative, similar to a strong 'h' in English.

длительный: [ˈdlʲitʲɪlʲnɨj]

Note on длительный: Stress is on the first syllable. The soft 'л' (indicated by 'lʲ') requires the tongue to touch the palate lightly.

Audio: []

Meanings and Usage:

1. Long-lasting or recurring (e.g., illness or condition)

Translation(s) & Context:

• хронический - Primarily used in medical or formal contexts to describe recurring or persistent conditions (e.g., chronic disease).

Usage Examples:

• У него хронический бронхит.

  He has chronic bronchitis.

• Это хроническая проблема в нашей системе.

  This is a chronic problem in our system.

• Хроническая усталость мешает ей работать.

  Chronic fatigue prevents her from working.

2. Persistent or prolonged (e.g., situation or behavior)

Translation(s) & Context:

• длительный - Used to describe something prolonged in time, not necessarily negative (e.g., chronic delay).
• хронический - Can also apply to non-medical contexts for persistent issues (e.g., chronic lateness).

Usage Examples:

• Длительные переговоры наконец завершились.

  The chronic (prolonged) negotiations have finally concluded.

• У неё хроническое опоздание на встречи.

  She has a chronic habit of being late to meetings.

Russian Forms/Inflections:

хронический (Adjective): Follows standard Russian adjective declension rules based on gender, number, and case.

Note: Only key cases shown for brevity; full declension follows standard patterns.

д onlarınительный (Adjective): Follows similar adjective declension rules. Key forms include длительная (feminine), длительное (neuter), длительные (plural).

Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:

Synonyms for хронический:

• постоянный (constant)
• затяжной (protracted) - Often used for conditions or situations.

Synonyms for длительный:

• продолжительный (long-lasting)
• долгий (long)

Antonyms for both:

• временный (temporary)
• кратковременный (short-term)

Related Phrases:

• хроническое заболевание - Chronic illness (commonly used in medical contexts).
• длительный процесс - Prolonged process (used for events or activities taking a long time).
• хроническая нехватка - Chronic shortage (used for persistent lack of something).

Usage Notes:

• хронический is the primary translation for "chronic" in medical or formal contexts, especially for diseases or recurring issues. It carries a slightly negative connotation.
• длительный is more neutral and often used for duration rather than recurrence. It’s less common in medical contexts.
• Be cautious with tone: Using "хронический" for trivial matters (e.g., chronic forgetfulness) might sound overly dramatic in casual conversation.

Common Errors:

• Error: Using "длительный" for medical conditions (e.g., "длительный бронхит"). Correction: Use "хронический бронхит" for chronic bronchitis. "Длительный" implies duration but not recurrence.
• Error: Incorrect adjective agreement with nouns (e.g., "хроническая болезнь" but using masculine form). Correction: Match gender and case (e.g., "болезнь" is feminine, so use "хроническая").

Cultural Notes:

In Russian, discussing chronic conditions (using "хронический") can sometimes carry a cultural weight, as health topics are often treated with seriousness or empathy. Avoid overusing the term in casual contexts, as it may sound overly formal or dramatic compared to English usage.

Related Concepts:

• рецидив (relapse)
• обострение (exacerbation)
• постоянство (consistency)