Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'Capitation'

English Word: Capitation

Key Russian Translations:

• Подушный налог [pəˈduʃnɨj nəˈlɐk] - [Formal, Historical context, used in official or academic discussions]
• Налог с головы [nəˈlɐk s ɡəlɐˈvɨ] - [Informal, Modern usage, often in everyday conversations about taxation]

Frequency: Low (This term is not commonly used in contemporary Russian speech; it's more prevalent in historical, legal, or economic texts.)

Difficulty: B2 (Intermediate; requires understanding of Russian noun declensions and historical vocabulary. For 'Подушный налог', it's B2; for 'Налог с головы', it's A2 due to simpler structure.)

Pronunciation (Russian):

Подушный налог: [pəˈduʃnɨj nəˈlɐk] (Stress on the second syllable of 'подушный'. The 'ш' is a soft, palatalized 'sh' sound.)

Налог с головы: [nəˈlɐk s ɡəlɐˈvɨ] (Stress on the first syllable of 'налог'. Note the soft 'л' in 'налог'.)

Note on Подушный налог: This phrase includes a compound word; 'подушный' can vary in pronunciation based on regional accents, with the 'у' sometimes sounding more like [u] in faster speech.

Audio: []

Meanings and Usage:

A tax levied per person, often in historical or fiscal contexts.

Translation(s) & Context:

• 'Подушный налог' - Used in formal, historical discussions, such as referring to taxes in imperial Russia.
• 'Налог с головы' - Applied in modern informal contexts, like explaining personal taxation systems.

Usage Examples:

• В России петровской эпохи подушный налог был введён для финансирования военных кампаний.

  In Peter the Great's Russia, capitation was introduced to fund military campaigns.

• Многие крестьяне не могли выплатить налог с головы из-за бедности в XIX веке.

  Many peasants could not pay the capitation due to poverty in the 19th century.

• Современные экономисты анализируют, как налог с головы влиял на социальное неравенство.

  Modern economists analyze how capitation influenced social inequality.

• Правительство ввело подушный налог, чтобы собрать средства на реформы.

  The government imposed capitation to raise funds for reforms.

• В некоторых странах налог с головы всё ещё применяется в упрощённой форме.

  In some countries, capitation is still applied in a simplified form.

Russian Forms/Inflections:

'Подушный налог' consists of an adjective ('подушный') and a masculine noun ('налог'). The adjective agrees with the noun in case, number, and gender. 'Налог' is a masculine noun that follows the standard third declension pattern.

For 'Налог с головы', 'налог' inflects as above, while 'с головы' is a prepositional phrase and remains relatively unchanged, though 'головы' (genitive of 'голова') follows its own feminine noun declension.

Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:

• Synonyms:
  • Головавая подать (Similar to 'capitation', but more archaic; used in historical texts)
  • Личный налог (Emphasizes individual payment, with a slight modern connotation)
• Antonyms:
  • Прогрессивный налог (Progressive tax, which is based on income levels rather than per person)
  • Регрессивный налог (Regressive tax, contrasting in structure but not direct opposite)

Related Phrases:

• Введение подушного налога - Introduction of capitation (Refers to the historical implementation of such taxes.)
• Отмена налога с головы - Abolition of capitation (Used in contexts of tax reforms.)
• Плата по головам - Payment per head (An informal phrase for similar taxation methods.)

Usage Notes:

Capitation in English directly corresponds to 'подушный налог' in Russian, especially in historical contexts like Russian imperial reforms under Peter the Great. Use 'налог с головы' for more contemporary or simplified discussions. Be mindful of formal vs. informal settings: 'Подушный налог' is preferred in academic or legal writing, while 'налог с головы' suits everyday conversation. Grammatically, ensure adjectives agree with nouns in case and number, as Russian requires. When choosing between translations, opt for 'подушный налог' if the context is historical, and 'налог с головы' for modern analogies.

Common Errors:

• Error: Using 'подушный налог' in modern contexts without specifying its historical nature, which can confuse listeners. Correct: Stick to 'налог с головы' for contemporary tax discussions. Example of error: "Я плачу подушный налог каждый месяц" (implies an outdated system). Correct: "Я плачу налог с головы в современном виде."

• Error: Failing to decline the noun properly, e.g., saying "без подушный налог" instead of "без подушного налога". Explanation: Russian requires genitive case after prepositions like 'без'. Correct form: Always check agreement, as in "оплата подушного налога".

Cultural Notes:

The term 'подушный налог' is deeply tied to Russian history, particularly the reforms of Peter the Great in the early 18th century, where it was used to fund military expansions. This tax burdened the lower classes, contributing to social unrest and is often discussed in cultural narratives as a symbol of tsarist oppression, highlighting themes of inequality in Russian literature and history.

Related Concepts:

• Прогрессивный налог
• Акцизный сбор
• Налоговая реформа