Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'callus'

English Word: callus

Key Russian Translations:

• мозоль /mɐˈzolʲ/ - [Formal]

Frequency: Medium (commonly used in medical, everyday, or descriptive contexts, but not as frequent as basic vocabulary).

Difficulty: B1 (Intermediate, as it involves understanding specific anatomical terms and basic noun declensions in Russian).

Pronunciation (Russian):

мозоль: /mɐˈzolʲ/

Note on мозоль: The stress is on the second syllable (/ˈzolʲ/), which can be tricky for English speakers due to the palatalized 'л' sound. Pronounce it with a soft 'l' as in 'million'.

Audio: []

Meanings and Usage:

A hardened area of skin, often caused by friction or pressure (e.g., on hands or feet).

Translation(s) & Context:

• мозоль - Used in formal and medical contexts to describe a callus on the skin, such as from manual labor or wearing ill-fitting shoes.

Usage Examples:

• У меня на ладони образовалась мозоль от работы в саду.

  I have developed a callus on my palm from working in the garden.

• После долгой прогулки в новых туфлях у неё появилась болезненная мозоль на пятке.

  After a long walk in new shoes, she got a painful callus on her heel.

• Спортсмены часто имеют мозоли на ступнях из-за интенсивных тренировок.

  Athletes often have calluses on their feet due to intense training.

• Чтобы предотвратить мозоль, носите удобную обувь и используйте защитные подушечки.

  To prevent a callus, wear comfortable shoes and use protective pads.

• Врачи рекомендуют удалять мозоль только в медицинском учреждении, чтобы избежать инфекции.

  Doctors recommend removing a callus only in a medical facility to avoid infection.

Russian Forms/Inflections:

"Мозоль" is a feminine noun (3rd declension in Russian). It follows standard feminine noun patterns with changes based on case and number. Below is a table of its declensions for singular forms (plural is less common but follows similar patterns).

Note: The word is invariant in plural for most cases, e.g., "мозоли" (nominative plural). It does not have irregular forms.

Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:

• Synonyms:
  • натоптыш - Often used interchangeably, but more specific to foot calluses; implies a buildup from walking.
  • ороговение - A more technical term, referring to the thickening of skin in medical contexts.
• Antonyms: Not applicable, as "мозоль" describes a physical condition without direct opposites.

Related Phrases:

• Лечить мозоль - To treat a callus; used in health and self-care contexts.
• Мозоль на ладони - Callus on the palm; common in discussions about manual work.
• Предотвратить образование мозоли - To prevent callus formation; often in advice for athletes or hikers.

Usage Notes:

"Мозоль" directly corresponds to the English "callus" in medical and everyday language, but it's more commonly used in contexts involving physical labor or discomfort. In Russian, it's a neutral term without strong formal/informal distinctions, though it's prevalent in spoken language. When using it, pay attention to case agreements (e.g., with adjectives or verbs). If multiple translations apply, choose "натоптыш" for foot-specific issues. Avoid overusing in casual conversation unless relevant.

Common Errors:

• Error: Using "мозоль" incorrectly in case, e.g., saying "Я имею мозоль" instead of "У меня есть мозоль" or the proper genitive in phrases.

  Correct: У меня образовалась мозоль. (Explanation: English learners often forget to use the proper prepositional or genitive constructions in Russian sentences.)

• Error: Confusing it with "позвоночник" (spine), as both involve body parts, leading to misuse in descriptions.

  Correct: Use "мозоль" only for skin hardening, not for bony structures. (Explanation: This mix-up arises from similar-sounding words, so context is key.)

Cultural Notes:

In Russian culture, "мозоль" is often associated with hard work and resilience, symbolizing the physical toll of labor in rural or industrial settings. It's frequently mentioned in literature and folklore to represent the struggles of everyday life, such as in stories about farmers or soldiers, emphasizing endurance over time.

Related Concepts:

• натоптыш
• ороговение
• кожные заболевания