Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'pullulate'

English Word: pullulate

Key Russian Translations:

• размножаться /rəzmɐˈnoʒətsə/ - [Verb, Intransitive, Informal]
• кишеть /ˈkʲiʂɨtʲ/ - [Verb, Intransitive, Neutral]

Frequency: Medium (This word and its translations are used in scientific, literary, or descriptive contexts but not in everyday casual conversation.)

Difficulty: B2 (Intermediate for размножаться due to verb conjugation; B1 for кishеть as it's more straightforward, based on CEFR standards.)

Pronunciation (Russian):

размножаться: /rəzmɐˈnoʒətsə/

Note on размножаться: The stress falls on the third syllable; be cautious with the palatalized 'ж' sound, which can be challenging for English speakers. Variations may occur in rapid speech.

кишеть: /ˈkʲiʂɨtʲ/

Note on кishеть: The initial 'к' is palatalized; pronounce it with a soft, y-like quality, similar to 'ky' in "cute." No major regional variants.

Audio: []

Meanings and Usage:

Biological or Natural Growth (e.g., rapid proliferation of organisms)

Translation(s) & Context:

• размножаться - Used in scientific or formal contexts to describe biological reproduction or rapid multiplication of cells or organisms.
• кишеть - Applied in more vivid, descriptive contexts, often metaphorically, to indicate an area teeming with life.

Usage Examples:

• В лесу микробы размножаются с невероятной скоростью после дождя.

  In the forest, microbes pullulate at an incredible speed after the rain.

• Река кишит рыбой в период нереста.

  The river pullulates with fish during the spawning season.

• Под микроскопом видно, как бактерии размножаются в питательной среде.

  Under the microscope, you can see how bacteria pullulate in the nutrient medium.

• Лес кишит дикими животными, которые размножаются каждый сезон.

  The forest pullulates with wild animals that reproduce every season.

Metaphorical or Figurative Growth (e.g., ideas, problems, or crowds multiplying rapidly)

Translation(s) & Context:

• кишеть - Common in everyday language for describing overwhelming abundance, like in crowds or ideas.
• размножаться - Less common metaphorically, but used in formal writing for concepts spreading uncontrollably.

Usage Examples:

• Город кишит туристами в летний период.

  The city pullulates with tourists during the summer period.

• В интернете слухи размножаются мгновенно, как вирус.

  On the internet, rumors pullulate instantly, like a virus.

• Улицы кишат протестующими, требующими перемен.

  The streets pullulate with protesters demanding change.

• Идеи в мозге ученого размножаются, веду к новым открытиям.

  Ideas in the scientist's mind pullulate, leading to new discoveries.

• Проблемы в проекте начали кishеть из-за нехватки ресурсов.

  Problems in the project began to pullulate due to a lack of resources.

Russian Forms/Inflections:

Both key translations are verbs and follow standard Russian conjugation patterns. Russian verbs are inflected for tense, aspect, person, and number. Below is a table for each verb's present tense forms, as "pullulate" often implies ongoing action.

Note: These are imperfective aspects. For perfective forms, use "размножиться" and "накишеть" in appropriate contexts. Both verbs are intransitive and do not change based on direct objects.

Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:

• Synonyms:
  • разрастаться (razrastatsya) - Similar to размножаться, emphasizing expansion; used for physical growth.
  • множиться (mnozhitsya) - A more neutral synonym for rapid increase, often in abstract contexts.
  • бурлить (burlit) - For кishеть, implying a bustling or overflowing state.
• Antonyms:
  • иссякать (issyyakat) - To dwindle or run out.
  • уменьшаться (umenshat'sya) - To decrease or diminish.

Related Phrases:

• Кишеть жизнью - Teeming with life; used to describe vibrant ecosystems or communities.
• Размножаться в геометрической прогрессии - To multiply in geometric progression; refers to exponential growth in scientific contexts.
• Кишеть проблемами - Pullulating with problems; indicates an overwhelming number of issues.
• Размножаться как кролики - To breed like rabbits; a colloquial phrase for rapid reproduction.

Usage Notes:

"Pullulate" corresponds closely to "размножаться" in biological contexts and "кишеть" in metaphorical ones. Always consider the aspect in Russian: use imperfective forms like those above for ongoing actions. In formal writing, "размножаться" is preferred for precision, while "кишеть" suits vivid descriptions. Be mindful of register; "кишеть" can sound informal in everyday speech. When choosing between translations, opt for "размножаться" if the focus is on reproduction, and "кишеть" for abundance. Grammatically, these verbs require no direct object and often pair with prepositional phrases, e.g., "в среде" (in the environment).

Common Errors:

• Error: Confusing "размножаться" with "производить" (to produce), leading to incorrect usage like "Я размножаю книги" (I pullulate books), which implies self-replication.

  Correct: Use "производить" for manufacturing; for "pullulate," say "Бактерии размножаются" (Bacteria pullulate). Explanation: "Размножаться" is reflexive and intransitive, not for creating objects.

• Error: Overusing "кишеть" in formal contexts, e.g., "Экономика кишит инвестициями" instead of "Экономика полна инвестиций."

  Correct: "Экономика кишит инвестициями" is acceptable but vivid; for neutrality, use "наполняться." Explanation: "Кишеть" implies chaos or excess, which may not fit professional discourse.

Cultural Notes:

In Russian culture, words like "кишеть" often evoke imagery from literature, such as in Tolstoy's works, where crowded scenes symbolize societal unrest or vitality. This reflects a broader Russian linguistic tendency to use nature-based metaphors for human experiences, drawing from the country's vast landscapes.

Related Concepts:

• процветать (protsvetat) - To flourish.
• развиваться (razvivatsya) - To develop.
• наполняться (napolnitsya) - To fill up.