Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'immune'

English Word: immune

Key Russian Translations:

• иммунный /ɪˈmmun.nɨj/ - [Formal, Medical context]
• невосприимчивый /nʲɪvɐsʲprʲɪˈmʲitɕɪvɨj/ - [Informal, General usage]

Frequency: Medium (Common in medical and scientific discussions, but less frequent in everyday conversation)

Difficulty: B2 (Intermediate level; requires familiarity with medical vocabulary and adjective inflections)

Pronunciation (Russian):

иммунный: /ɪˈmmun.nɨj/

невосприимчивый: /nʲɪvɐsʲprʲɪˈmʲitɕɪvɨj/

Note on иммунный: The stress is on the second syllable; be cautious with the soft 'н' sound, which can be challenging for English speakers due to its palatalization.

Note on невосприимчивый: This word has a complex consonant cluster; practice the 'восприимчив' part slowly to master the rapid flow.

Audio: []

Meanings and Usage:

Biological or Medical Immunity (Referring to resistance to disease)

Translation(s) & Context:

• иммунный - Used in formal medical contexts, such as discussing vaccines or immune responses.
• невосприимчивый - Applied in broader contexts, like everyday resistance to infections, often in informal settings.

Usage Examples:

• Его иммунная система отлично справляется с вирусами.

  His immune system handles viruses excellently.

• После вакцинации человек становится невосприимчивым к гриппу.

  After vaccination, a person becomes immune to the flu.

• Иммунный ответ организма может варьироваться в зависимости от возраста.

  The immune response of the body can vary depending on age.

• Дети часто бывают невосприимчивыми к простым инфекциям благодаря естественному иммунитету.

  Children are often immune to simple infections due to natural immunity.

• Врачи изучают, как сделать пациентов иммунными к аллергенам.

  Doctors study how to make patients immune to allergens.

Figurative Immunity (Referring to protection from harm or criticism)

Translation(s) & Context:

• иммунный - Used metaphorically in legal or social contexts, e.g., immune from prosecution.
• невосприимчивый - Common in emotional or psychological contexts, like being immune to stress.

Usage Examples:

• Президент имеет иммунный статус от судебного преследования.

  The president has immune status from prosecution.

• Она стала невосприимчивой к критике после многих лет в бизнесе.

  She became immune to criticism after many years in business.

• Иммунный к экономическим кризисам, этот инвестор продолжает процветать.

  Immune to economic crises, this investor continues to thrive.

Russian Forms/Inflections:

Both "иммунный" and "невосприимчивый" are adjectives in Russian, which means they inflect based on gender, number, and case. Russian adjectives follow a regular pattern for most forms, but "иммунный" is straightforward, while "невосприимчивый" is longer and may feel irregular due to its length.

Note: These adjectives do not change for verbs but must agree with the nouns they modify. If the word is used as an invariant predicate, it remains in its base form.

Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:

• Synonyms:
  • защищенный (zashchishchennyy) - Similar to "protected"; often used interchangeably in non-medical contexts.
  • устойчивый (ustoychivyy) - Implies stability; subtle difference in endurance rather than immunity.
• Antonyms:
  • уязвимый (uyazvimyy) - Directly opposite, meaning vulnerable.
  • подверженный (podverzhennyy) - Means susceptible, often in health contexts.

Related Phrases:

• иммунная система - The immune system; a core phrase in biology and health discussions.
• невосприимчивость к инфекциям - Immunity to infections; used for describing resistance in medical reports.
• приобретенный иммунитет - Acquired immunity; refers to immunity gained through exposure or vaccination.

Usage Notes:

"Иммунный" is the most direct translation for "immune" in medical contexts and should be used when precision is needed, such as in scientific writing. "Невосприимчивый" is more versatile for everyday language and can cover figurative meanings, but it's less formal. English speakers should note that Russian adjectives must agree in gender, number, and case with the nouns they describe, which is a key grammatical difference from English. When choosing between translations, opt for "иммунный" in professional settings and "невосприимчивый" for casual conversations. Be aware of context: in legal scenarios, "иммунный" might imply official protection, similar to diplomatic immunity.

Common Errors:

• Error: Using "иммунный" without proper inflection, e.g., saying "иммунный система" instead of "иммунная система".

  Correct: "Иммунная система" (feminine noun requires feminine adjective form).

  Explanation: Russian requires adjective-noun agreement; this mistake can make the sentence grammatically incorrect and confusing.

• Error: Confusing "иммунный" with "иммунитет" (a noun meaning immunity), leading to misuse in sentences.

  Correct: Use "иммунный" as an adjective, e.g., "иммунный ответ", not "иммунитет ответ".

  Explanation: "Иммунитет" is a noun and doesn't replace the adjective; mix-ups often stem from direct word-for-word translation from English.

Cultural Notes:

In Russian culture, concepts of immunity are often tied to health and resilience, especially given Russia's history with epidemics and harsh winters. The word "иммунный" carries a scientific connotation, reflecting the influence of Soviet-era medical advancements, which emphasized collective health and vaccination programs. This can add a layer of national pride in discussions about public health.

Related Concepts:

• вирус (virus)
• вакцина (vaccine)
• инфекция (infection)