Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'genetically'

English Word: genetically

Key Russian Translations:

• генетически [ɡʲɪ.nʲɪˈtʲe.tʲskʲɪj] - [Formal, Scientific context]

Frequency: Medium (Common in scientific, medical, and academic discussions but less frequent in everyday conversation)

Difficulty: B2 (Intermediate; Requires understanding of scientific terminology and adverbial usage in Russian)

Pronunciation (Russian):

генетически: [ɡʲɪ.nʲɪˈtʲe.tʲskʲɪj]

Note on генетически: The stress falls on the third syllable ("tʲe"), which can be challenging for English speakers due to the palatalized consonants (e.g., 'гʲ' sounds like a soft 'g'). Pronunciation may vary slightly in fast speech.

Audio: []

Meanings and Usage:

Primary Meaning: In a manner related to genetics or heredity (Adverbial form indicating genetic origin or characteristics)

Translation(s) & Context:

• генетически - Used in formal scientific, medical, or biological contexts to describe processes inherited through genes, such as in research papers or discussions about heredity.

Usage Examples:

• Болезнь передается генетически от родителей к детям.

  The disease is passed genetically from parents to children.

• Генетически модифицированные организмы вызывают споры в обществе.

  Genetically modified organisms spark debates in society.

• Этот признак определяется генетически, а не средой обитания.

  This trait is determined genetically, not by the environment.

• Ученые изучают, как генетически обусловленные факторы влияют на поведение.

  Scientists study how genetically determined factors influence behavior.

Russian Forms/Inflections:

"Генетически" is an adverb derived from the adjective "генетический" (genetic). As a typical Russian adverb, it does not inflect for case, number, gender, or tense. It remains unchanged in all contexts, making it straightforward for learners. For comparison, the base adjective "генетический" inflects as follows:

Note: Since "генетически" is invariant, no further inflections apply directly to this word.

Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:

• Synonyms:
  • наследственно (nasledstvenno) - More general, implying inheritance but less specific to genetics.
  • геномно (genomno) - Used in contexts related to the genome, with a slight nuance toward molecular biology.
• Antonyms:
  • приобретенно (priobretenno) - Meaning "acquired" or environmentally influenced, contrasting with innate genetic factors.

Related Phrases:

• генетическая инженерия - Genetic engineering; A field involving manipulation of genes for practical purposes.
• генетически обусловленный - Genetically determined; Used to describe traits fixed by genetics.
• генетический код - Genetic code; Refers to the blueprint of life in biology.

Usage Notes:

"Генетически" directly corresponds to the English adverb "genetically" and is primarily used in formal, scientific, or academic settings. It should be placed before the verb or adjective it modifies, as in Russian adverbial syntax (e.g., "генетически передаваемый" for "genetically transmitted"). Be cautious with context: in everyday Russian, simpler terms like "по наследству" might be preferred for non-technical audiences. When choosing between translations, use "генетически" for precise genetic discussions and "наследственно" for broader inheritance concepts.

Common Errors:

• Error: Confusing "генетически" with "генетический" and using it as an adjective (e.g., saying "генетически фактор" instead of "генетический фактор").

  Correct: генетический фактор (genetic factor). Explanation: "Генетически" is an adverb, so it modifies verbs or other adjectives, not nouns directly.

• Error: Mispronouncing the word by ignoring palatalization (e.g., saying [ɡe.ne.'ti.kij] instead of [ɡʲɪ.nʲɪˈtʲe.tʲskʲɪj]).

  Correct: Practice the soft consonants to ensure natural pronunciation. Explanation: This can make the word sound unnatural or misunderstood in Russian conversations.

Cultural Notes:

In Russian culture and language, terms like "генетически" are heavily influenced by advancements in genetics and biology, especially post-Soviet scientific developments. It often appears in discussions around eugenics history or modern bioethics, reflecting Russia's emphasis on scientific heritage from figures like Ivan Pavlov. Understanding this can help English speakers grasp how genetics intersects with national identity and ethical debates in Russian society.

Related Concepts:

• эволюция (evolution)
• ДНК (DNA)
• мутация (mutation)